今天用PyQt5 做个俄罗斯方块的游戏。俄罗斯方块游戏时有史以来最受欢迎的电脑游戏。最初的游戏是俄罗斯设计和编程的程序员阿列克谢帕基特诺夫于1985年。
此后,俄罗斯方块是几乎所有的计算机平台上可用在很多变化。
俄罗斯方块称为积木拼图游戏。在这个游戏中,我们有七种不同形状叫tetrominoes:“s”形,Z-shape,t形,一个l型的空间,一个线,MirroredL-shape和正方形。这些形状的形成有四个方格。形状是跌倒。俄罗斯方块游戏的对象是移动和旋转的形状使他们适合尽可能多。如果我们设法形成一个行,该行摧毁我们得分。我们直到我们玩俄罗斯方块游戏。
PyQt5 是一种用于创建应用程序的工具。还有其他的库是针对创建电脑游戏。然而,PyQt5和其他应用程序工具包可以永凯创建简单的游戏。
创建一个电脑游戏是一个提高编程技能的很好的方法。
俄罗斯方块 开发环节
在俄罗斯方块中没有图片,使用PyQt5编程工具包绘图API中绘制图形。每一个电脑游戏的背后,都有一个数学模型。在俄罗斯方块中更是如此。
游戏的一些思想:
我们使用QtCore.QBasicTimer() 来创建一个游戏循环。
俄罗斯方块是绘制的。
图形是一个方块一个方块移动的(不是像素)
图形其实是一个简单的数字列表。
代码包括四类分别是:Tetris、Board、 Tetrominoe 和 Shape。 Tetris 类用来存放游戏。 Board 是编写游戏逻辑的地方。
Tetrominoe 类包含所有俄罗斯方块的名称, Shape 类包含一个俄罗斯放块代码。
import sys, random
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
class Tetris(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
self.tboard.start()
self.resize(180, 380)
self.center()
self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')
self.show()
def center(self):
screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
size = self.geometry()
self.move((screen.width() - size.width()) / 2,
(screen.height() - size.height()) / 2)
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300
def __init__(self, parent):
super().__init__(parent)
self.initBoard()
def initBoard(self):
self.timer = QBasicTimer()
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
self.isStarted = False
self.isPaused = False
self.clearBoard()
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
def squareWidth(self):
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
def squareHeight(self):
return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
def start(self):
if self.isPaused:
return
self.isStarted = True
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.clearBoard()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.newPiece()
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
def pause(self):
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
def paintEvent(self, event):
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
return
key = event.key()
if key == Qt.Key_P:
self.pause()
return
if self.isPaused:
return
elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
def timerEvent(self, event):
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
def clearBoard(self):
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def dropDown(self):
newY = self.curY
while newY > 0:
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
break
newY -= 1
self.pieceDropped()
def oneLineDown(self):
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
self.pieceDropped()
def pieceDropped(self):
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())
self.removeFullLines()
if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.newPiece()
def removeFullLines(self):
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
if numFullLines > 0:
self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.update()
def newPiece(self):
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]
color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2,
self.squareHeight() - 2, color)
painter.setPen(color.lighter())
painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)
painter.setPen(color.darker())
painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)
class Tetrominoe(object):
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
)
def __init__(self):
self.coords = [[0, 0] for i in range(4)]
self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape
self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def shape(self):
return self.pieceShape
def setShape(self, shape):
table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
for i in range(4):
for j in range(2):
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]
self.pieceShape = shape
def setRandomShape(self):
self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))
def x(self, index):
return self.coords[index][0]
def y(self, index):
return self.coords[index][1]
def setX(self, index, x):
self.coords[index][0] = x
def setY(self, index, y):
self.coords[index][1] = y
def minX(self):
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def maxX(self):
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def minY(self):
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def maxY(self):
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def rotateLeft(self):
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
def rotateRight(self):
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
result.setY(i, self.x(i))
return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = QApplication([])
tetris = Tetris()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
游戏简化一点,让它更容易理解。在比赛开始后立即启动游戏。可以通过按 P 键暂停游戏。空格键立即把俄罗斯方块放到底部。游戏是恒定速度,没有加速度。分数是已经删除的行数
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(slef.tboard)
Board创建一个面板类的实例,并设置应用程序的核心部件
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
创建一个状态栏将显示消息。我们将显示三种可能的消息:已删除的行数,停顿一下的消息 或者 游戏结束的消息 msg2Statusbar 是一个自定义的信号,在Board 中实现类。showMessage() 是一个内置的方法,在状态栏显示一条消息。
self.tboard.start()
这一行代码启动游戏
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
……
创建一个自定义的信号。当写一个信息或状态栏的分数的时候,
msg2Statusbar 发出一个信号
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300
这些都是Boar的类型变量。BoardWidth和BordHeight定义的块大小。Speed定义了游戏的速度。每个300ms将开始新游戏的循环。
...
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
...
在initBoard() 方法初始化一些重要的变量。board变量是一个从0到7的数字列表。它代表了面板上各种形状和位置。
def shapAt(self, x, y):
return self.board[(y * Bord.BoardWidth) + x]
shapeAt() 方法确定在给定形状块的类型 。
def squareWidth(self):
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
Board 可以动态调整大小。因此,块的大小可能会有所改变。
squareWidth() 计算单一方块像素的宽度并返回它。
Board.BoardWidth方块板的大小。
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
游戏的绘制分为两个步骤,第一步,绘制所有方块,这些方块都要保存在底部列表中。列表通过 shapeAt() 方法来添加方块。
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
第二步绘制下降中的方块
elif key == Qt.key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
keyPressEvent() 方法检查按下键。当按下右箭头,我们试图向右移动一块。我们使用tyrMove, 因为可能无法移动。
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
向上箭头将旋转方块。
elif key == Qt.key_Space:
self.dropDown()
空格键立即下降到底部
elif key == Qt.key_D:
self.oneLineDown()
按下D键,可以加速下降。
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
使用tryMove()方法尝试移动方块。如果方块的边缘已经接触到面板边缘或者不能移动,我们返回False。否则我们当前块下降到一个新的位置。
def timerEvent(self, event):
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
计时器事件,当我们前一个方块降到底部后,创建一个新的方块。
def clearBoard(self):
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
clearBoard()方法通过设置Tetrominoe.NoShape清除面板
def removeFullLines(self):
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
...
如果到达底部,会调用removeFullLines()方法。我们会检查所有完整的线条然后删除它们。然后移动所有行高于当前删除整行一行。请注意,我们反的顺序行被删除。否则,就会出错。
def newPiece(self):
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
通过newPiece()方法创建一个新的方块,如果不能进入它的初始位置,游戏就结束了。
class Tetrominoe(object):
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
Tetrominoe类包含所有可能的形状。NoShape空形状。
Shape 类保存方块信息
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
...
)
...
coordsTable 元组包含所有可能的俄罗斯方块的坐标值。这是一个模板的所有块坐标值。
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
创建一个空的列表保存俄罗斯方块的坐标
上面的图像将有助于理解坐标值。例如,元组(0,1),(0,0)、(1,0)、(1,1)代表Z-shape。图表说明了形状
def rotateLeft(self):
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
rotateLeft() 向左旋转方块。如果方块本身不能被旋转,我们就返回当前对象的应用。否则就创建一个新的块及其坐标设置为的旋转。
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